# Sources for the incandescent-lamp dig, with authenticity entries (rules A1-A10, build/SCHEMA.md). # Nothing is stored as a copy; every source is cited by URL. Tests were run in this session # (2026-10-02), which is not an independent review. retrieved: 2026-10-02 sources: # ------------------------------ PATENTS ------------------------------ - id: src-us223898 title: "US Patent 223,898, T. A. Edison, Electric-Lamp (granted 27 Jan 1880)" url: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/0223898 document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly (OCR of the USPTO scan) authenticity: status: authenticated strength: strong provenance: "Served by the US Patent and Trademark Office's own image server; the printed patent as issued." tests: - "Official USPTO host [read]" - "Dates and claim wording match the 1891 and 1892 court opinions, which quote the patent" tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02 (not an independent review)" gaps: ["The file wrapper (application history) was not read."] next_step: "Read the file wrapper for the Nov 1879 filing." checked: 2026-10-02 - id: src-us181613 title: "US Patent 181,613, H. Woodward, Improvement in Electric Lights (dated 29 Aug 1876)" url: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/0181613 document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly (OCR of the USPTO scan) authenticity: status: authenticated strength: strong provenance: "USPTO image server; printed patent as issued, with assignees named." tests: ["Official USPTO host [read]", "Patent number and date agree with secondary Canadian accounts"] tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02" gaps: ["The Canadian patent 3,738 specification was not read (Library and Archives Canada returned 403)."] next_step: "Read the Canadian specification at Library and Archives Canada." checked: 2026-10-02 - id: src-us252386 title: "US Patent 252,386, L. H. Latimer, Process of Manufacturing Carbons (granted 17 Jan 1882)" url: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/0252386 document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly (OCR of the USPTO scan) authenticity: {status: authenticated, strength: strong, provenance: "USPTO image server; printed patent with assignment to the United States Electric Lighting Co.", tests: ["Official USPTO host [read]"], tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02", gaps: [], checked: 2026-10-02} - id: src-us575002 title: "US Patent 575,002, A. de Lodyguine, Illuminant for Incandescent Lamps (granted 12 Jan 1897)" url: https://patents.google.com/patent/US575002A/en document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: {status: authenticated, strength: moderate, provenance: "Google Patents rendering of the USPTO record; not checked against the USPTO image.", tests: ["Text and dates consistent with the patent's citation in lamp histories"], tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02", gaps: ["USPTO image not compared"], next_step: "Compare with the USPTO image.", checked: 2026-10-02} - id: src-us266358 title: "US Patent 266,358, H. Goebel, Electric Incandescent Lamp (granted 24 Oct 1882)" url: https://patents.google.com/patent/US266358A/en document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: {status: authenticated, strength: moderate, provenance: "Google Patents rendering; the 1893 Boston opinion (54 F. 678) independently describes the same patent and its rejected second claim.", tests: ["Matches the court's description in 54 F. 678"], tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02", gaps: ["USPTO image not compared"], checked: 2026-10-02} - id: src-us47632 title: "US Patent 47,632, H. Goebel, Hemmers for Sewing-Machines (9 May 1865)" url: https://patents.google.com/patent/US47632A/en document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: {status: authenticated, strength: moderate, provenance: "Google Patents rendering of the USPTO record.", tests: ["Inventor name and city match"], tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02", gaps: ["USPTO image not compared"], checked: 2026-10-02} - id: src-abridgments-1859 title: "Patents for Inventions: Abridgments of Specifications relating to Electricity and Magnetism (Great Britain Patent Office, 1859)" url: https://archive.org/details/patentsforinvent1766grea document_class: primary_text (the Patent Office's official summaries) read: yes, directly (pp. 62-63, de Moleyns No. 9053; p. 97, King No. 10,919) authenticity: status: authenticated strength: moderate provenance: "Internet Archive scan of a library copy of the official Patent Office publication." tests: - "Title page and publisher are the Patent Office [read]" - "The 1895 US Supreme Court and the 1893 Boston court cite the same 1841 and 1845 patents" tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02" gaps: ["The full specifications were not read; abridgments only."] next_step: "Read the full specifications of patents 9053 (1841) and 10,919 (1845)." checked: 2026-10-02 # ------------------------------ COURT RECORDS ------------------------------ - id: src-40f21 title: "Consolidated Electric Light Co. v. McKeesport Light Co., 40 F. 21 (C.C.W.D. Pa., 5 Oct 1889), Bradley J." url: https://static.case.law/f/40/cases/0021-01.json document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: &caselaw status: authenticated strength: strong provenance: "Harvard Law School Caselaw Access Project digitization of the Federal Reporter." tests: - "Reporter citation, court and date match the citing opinion (159 U.S. 465 cites 40 Fed. Rep. 21) [read]" tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02" gaps: ["OCR text; page images not compared line by line."] checked: 2026-10-02 - id: src-47f454 title: "Edison Electric Light Co. v. United States Electric Lighting Co., 47 F. 454 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1891), Wallace J." url: https://static.case.law/f/47/cases/0454-01.json document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: *caselaw - id: src-52f300 title: "Edison Electric Light Co. v. United States Electric Lighting Co., 52 F. 300 (2d Cir., 4 Oct 1892), Lacombe J." url: https://static.case.law/f/52/cases/0300-01.json document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: *caselaw - id: src-54f678 title: "Edison Electric Light Co. v. Beacon Vacuum Pump & Electrical Co., 54 F. 678 (C.C.D. Mass., 18 Feb 1893), Colt J." url: https://static.case.law/f/54/cases/0678-01.json document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly (also the law.resource.org PDF scan) authenticity: *caselaw - id: src-56f496 title: "Edison Electric Light Co. v. Columbia Incandescent Lamp Co., 56 F. 496 (C.C.E.D. Mo., 21 Apr 1893), Hallett J." url: https://static.case.law/f/56/cases/0496-01.json document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: *caselaw - id: src-57f616 title: "Edison Electric Light Co. v. Electric Manufacturing Co., 57 F. 616 (C.C.E.D. Wis., 20 Jul 1893), Seaman J." url: https://static.case.law/f/57/cases/0616-01.json document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: *caselaw - id: src-61f834 title: "Electric Manufacturing Co. v. Edison Electric Light Co., 61 F. 834 (7th Cir., 1 May 1894)" url: https://static.case.law/f/61/cases/0834-01.json document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: *caselaw - id: src-scotus-1895 title: "The Incandescent Lamp Patent, 159 U.S. 465 (argued 29-30 Oct 1894, decided 11 Nov 1895)" url: https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep159/usrep159465/usrep159465.pdf document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly (OCR of the Library of Congress scan of United States Reports) authenticity: {status: authenticated, strength: strong, provenance: "Library of Congress scan of the official United States Reports.", tests: ["Official loc.gov host [read]", "Cites 40 Fed. Rep. 21, which was read separately"], tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02", gaps: ["The scan's heading prints the decision date as 'November 11, 1815' and the patent's issue date as 'May 14, 1885' in the headnote against 'May 12, 1885' in the text: misprints; the year 1895 follows from the term (October Term, 1895) and the argument dates; 12 May 1885 is the date in 40 F. 21."], checked: 2026-10-02} # ------------------------------ JOURNALS, BOOKS, NEWSPAPERS ------------------------------ - id: src-davy-1812 title: "Humphry Davy, Elements of Chemical Philosophy, Part I, vol. 1 (1812); the Internet Archive record is the American edition (Bradford and Inskeep), scanned by Google from a New York Public Library copy" url: https://archive.org/details/elementschemica00davygoog document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly (pp. 85-86). The OCR carries no legible title page; the year 1812 is from the archive catalogue, and the text mentions a February 1812 event, so the volume is of 1812 or later. An earlier line of this manifest called it a London 1812 edition; that was wrong for this scan. authenticity: &archive_book status: authenticated strength: moderate provenance: "Internet Archive / Google Books scan of a library copy, with title page and imprint." tests: ["Title page, author and imprint present in the scan [read]"] tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02" gaps: ["Scan provenance is the holding library's; no physical inspection."] checked: 2026-10-02 - id: src-fontaine-1878 title: "Hippolyte Fontaine, Electric Lighting (English translation, 1878; French ed. 1877)" url: https://archive.org/details/electriclightin00fontgoog document_class: primary_text (a contemporary engineer's survey; quotes the Academy and Jobard reports) read: yes, directly (pp. 171-173, 186-187, 190). Fontaine is the dig's ONLY channel to the 1874 Academy report on Lodygin and to Jobard's 1858 communication on de Changy; neither original (Comptes rendus; the Academy's report) was read. Fontaine's 'Jobart' is the Jobard of the 1858 report. authenticity: *archive_book - id: src-chemnews-1879 title: "Chemical News 39 (28 Mar 1879, p. 133; 18 Apr 1879, p. 168): Newcastle Chemical Society report; with B. S. Proctor's note 'On the smoke of an electric lamp' (read before the Society 27 Mar 1879)" url: https://archive.org/details/s713id13691410 document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly (the report names Swan only as the chairman; no meeting day is printed in the text read) authenticity: *archive_book - id: src-chemnews-1880 title: "Chemical News 42 (5 Nov 1880), pp. 227-230: Swan's lecture of 20 Oct 1880 to the Newcastle Lit and Phil" url: https://archive.org/details/s713id13691440 document_class: primary_text (Swan's own account; self-interested on priority) read: yes, directly authenticity: *archive_book - id: src-sciam-1874 title: "Scientific American 31:11 (12 Sep 1874), list of Canadian patents" url: https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1874-09-12_31_11 document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly (OCR was garbled; entry read and cleaned by hand) authenticity: *archive_book - id: src-elecworld-1900 title: "Electrical World and Engineer 35:15 (14 Apr 1900), 'Invention of the Incandescent Lamp'" url: https://archive.org/details/sim_electrical-world_1900-04-14_35_15 document_class: primary_text (for what Toronto informants said in 1900; second-hand for 1874-79) read: yes, directly authenticity: *archive_book - id: src-dyer-martin-1910 title: "Frank L. Dyer and T. C. Martin, Edison: His Life and Inventions, vol. II (Harper, Nov 1910), pp. 615-616" url: https://archive.org/details/edison.-his-life-and-inventions-volume-ii document_class: primary_text (authorised biography; Mallory's recollection) read: yes, directly authenticity: *archive_book - id: src-schroeder-1923 title: "Henry Schroeder, History of Electric Light (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 1923)" url: https://archive.org/details/historyofelectri00schr document_class: synthetic (a later history) read: yes, directly authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "A later history; used only for what it says, not as a record of the 1840 lamp."} - id: src-howell-schroeder-1927 title: "John W. Howell and Henry Schroeder, History of the Incandescent Lamp (1927)" url: https://archive.org/details/historyofincande00howe document_class: synthetic (a later history, by General Electric engineers) read: yes, directly (the de la Rue 1820 passage) authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "A later history; used only for what it says."} - id: src-herald-1879-12-21 title: "New York Herald, 21 Dec 1879, p. 5: 'Edison's Light'" url: https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1879-12-21/ed-1/?sp=5 document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly (OCR of the Chronicling America scan) authenticity: &loc_paper status: authenticated strength: strong provenance: "Library of Congress, Chronicling America; scan of the newspaper page with masthead and date." tests: ["Official loc.gov host [read]"] tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02" gaps: ["OCR text; byline not visible (Marshall Fox attribution unconfirmed)."] checked: 2026-10-02 - id: src-herald-1879-12-31 title: "New York Herald, 31 Dec 1879, p. 3: 'The Horseshoes Still Shining'" url: https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1879-12-31/ed-1/?sp=3 document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: *loc_paper - id: src-tribune-1880-01-01 title: "New-York Tribune, 1 Jan 1880, p. 8: Menlo Park visitors, 'No public exhibition promised or given'" url: https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1880-01-01/ed-1/?sp=8 document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: *loc_paper - id: src-tribune-1882-09-05 title: "New-York Tribune, 5 Sep 1882, p. 8: Edison district service begins" url: https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1882-09-05/ed-1/?sp=8 document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly authenticity: *loc_paper - id: src-times-savoy title: "The Times (London), 29 Dec 1881, report on the Savoy Theatre stage lighting (transcription)" url: https://gsarchive.net/carte/savoy/electric.html document_class: primary_text (via transcription) derived_from: "The Times, 29 Dec 1881 (original page not read)" read: yes, the transcription authenticity: {status: unchecked, gaps: ["The original Times page was not compared (rule A9: the transcription is its own item)."], next_step: "Compare with The Times Digital Archive.", checked: 2026-10-02} # ------------------------------ SECONDARY AND REFERENCE ------------------------------ - id: src-edison-papers-essay title: "Thomas A. Edison Papers (Rutgers), 'The Carbon Filament Lamp' and related pages" url: https://edison.rutgers.edu/life-of-edison/biographical-essays/lighting/the-carbon-filament-lamp document_class: secondary (editorial essay by the documentary edition; quotes Batchelor's notebook entry of 22 Oct 1879) read: yes, directly (essay re-opened 2026-10-02 in the revision; an earlier note here said it was unreachable, which was true of the notebook viewer, not of the essay) authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Editorial essay. The notebook image (Edison Papers digital edition, TAED N052:52) is behind a browser check and was not opened; the edition's transcription is a separate source (src-edison-papers-doc1831). Claims resting on these are anchor_checked secondary."} - id: src-edison-papers-doc1831 title: "Papers of Thomas A. Edison, Doc. 1831: Charles Batchelor's notebook entry, [Menlo Park,] 22 Oct 1879 (Edison Papers PDF of the edition's transcription of N-79-07-31:105, TAED N052:52)" url: https://edison.rutgers.edu/images/archive/innovations/TAEBdocs/Doc1831_EL_10-22-79_linked.pdf document_class: primary_text (the documentary edition's transcription with editorial notes; the notebook image was not opened) derived_from: "Edison laboratory notebook N-79-07-31, p. 105, written by Charles Batchelor (Edison National Historical Site; the image was not opened)" read: yes, directly (the whole entry and the editorial notes; text layer of the PDF) authenticity: {status: authenticated, strength: moderate, provenance: "Served by the Thomas A. Edison Papers project at Rutgers University, the documentary edition of Edison's papers; the editors give the repository and page of the original.", tests: ["Official project host [read]", "Date, 13 1/2-hour duration and 18-cell detail agree with the same project's essay and with Upton's notebook entry quoted in the editorial note"], tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02 (not an independent review)", gaps: ["A transcription (rule A9): the manuscript image at TAED N052:52 was not compared.", "The entry is multiply dated; the clock times (1.30 AM, 3 pm) are the notebook's own."], next_step: "Open the notebook image at the Edison Papers digital edition (TAED N052:52) when the browser check allows.", checked: 2026-10-02} - id: src-ediswan title: "Edison Papers company page, Edison and Swan United Electric Light Company, Ltd." url: https://edison.rutgers.edu/life-of-edison/companies/company-details/electric-light,-foreign/edison-and-swan-united-electric-light-company-ltd document_class: secondary read: yes, directly authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Editorial reference page."} - id: src-quote-investigator title: "Quote Investigator, 'I Have Gotten a Lot of Results! I Know Several Thousand Things That Won't Work' (31 Jul 2012)" url: https://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/07/31/edison-lot-results/ document_class: secondary read: yes, directly authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "A quotation-tracing article; its 1910 source was read separately (src-dyer-martin-1910)."} - id: src-iet-cragside title: "IET Archives blog, 'Cragside: harnessing the power of water' (9 Mar 2023)" url: https://ietarchivesblog.org/2023/03/09/cragside-harnessing-the-power-of-water/ document_class: secondary (describes Armstrong's letter, IET Archives NAEST 046/24) read: yes, directly authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Archive blog; the letter itself was not read."} - id: src-linda-hall-swan title: "Linda Hall Library and Newcastle University Special Collections pages on Swan (dates of the 1879 demonstration)" url: null document_class: secondary read: search summaries only authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Secondary; no URL kept in this session. Recorded so the disagreement over 3 Feb vs 17 Jan 1879 is visible."} - id: src-kommersant-lodygin title: "Kommersant (St Petersburg), 'Why Lodygin's invention became Edison's lamp' (doc 6822124)" url: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6822124 document_class: secondary read: "yes, directly (page dated 11 July 2024; re-read 2026-10-02: gives 11 July 1874 for Lodygin's patent, 1872 for the first demonstration and the petition for a privilege, and 30-40 minutes for the first lamps; it gives privilege No. 1619 (11 July 1874, with its priority dated retroactively from 2 October 1872; a correction of an earlier note here that said the page gave no number) and does not mention a Lomonosov prize or General Electric; the lamptech entry recorded in the first version of this dig is not in this page and is not used)" authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Newspaper history; gives dates without a scan of the privilege."} - id: src-kommersant-campaign title: "Kommersant, 'The fight against kowtowing: how the USSR separated from the West' (doc 5338615)" url: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5338615 document_class: secondary (reception record) read: "yes, directly (2026-10-02; page dated 6 May 2022): says the campaign against 'kowtowing to the West' in Soviet culture began in May 1947 with an article of 9 May 1947, and that within the following year Soviet newspapers reported, among other things, that the Russian scientist Lodygin made the incandescent lamp before Edison and Edison only improved on his work" authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Newspaper history; used only as a record of reception. It names no Soviet newspaper issue for the Lodygin claim, so no 1940s Soviet text was read."} - id: src-edison-papers-latimer title: "Queens Borough Public Library, 'Blueprint for Change' essay 'Inventing a Better Life: Latimer's Technical Career', hosted by the Edison Papers (Rutgers) with an editors' note" url: https://edison.rutgers.edu/resources/latimer/inventing-a-better-life-latimer-s-technical-career document_class: secondary (a library exhibit essay by historians; cites Latimer's logbook, testimony and company records that were not read) read: "yes, directly (2026-10-02): the essay text; the notes and the list of Latimer's patents were not read" authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Secondary essay used only for what it says: Latimer's employment at the U.S. Electric Lighting Company (Bridgeport, March 1880; the company a competitor of Edison's; Maxim chief engineer) and his later work for the Edison companies from about 1885."} - id: src-us247097 title: "US Patent 247,097, J. V. Nichols and L. H. Latimer, Electric Lamp (dated 13 Sep 1881; filed 18 Apr 1881)" url: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/0247097 document_class: primary_text read: yes, directly (OCR of the USPTO scan, 2 pages; claims read) authenticity: {status: authenticated, strength: strong, provenance: "USPTO image server; printed patent as issued.", tests: ["Official USPTO host [read]", "Patent number and date printed on the page"], tested_by: "Strata session, 2026-10-02", gaps: [], checked: 2026-10-02} - id: src-rohde-2007 title: "Hans-Christian Rohde, Die Göbel-Legende: Der Kampf um die Erfindung der Glühlampe (zu Klampen, 2007)" url: null document_class: synthetic (a study of the court record) read: no (known through lerncafe.de, goebel-projekt and radiomuseum.org summaries) authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Modern study; not read."} - id: src-springe title: "Town of Springe, official page on Heinrich Göbel" url: https://www.springe.de document_class: secondary (reception record) read: UNVERIFIED. The first session recorded this page as read, but its exact URL was not kept. On 2026-10-02 the home page was fetched and four guessed page addresses returned 404; the wording 'debatable' attributed to the town could not be found again. authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Used only as a record of present-day reception; exact page URL not kept. The 'debatable' wording is unverified and must not be relied on."} - id: src-cbc-2017 title: "CBC, 'How many people does it take to invent a light bulb? At least two Canadians' (2017)" url: https://www.cbc.ca/2017/how-many-people-does-it-take-to-invent-a-light-bulb-at-least-two-canadians-1.4022823 document_class: secondary (reception record) read: yes, directly authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Reception record only."} - id: src-canadas-history title: "Canada's History, 'Bright Idea'" url: https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/science-technology/bright-idea document_class: secondary (reception record) read: yes, directly authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Reception record only; no sources cited."} - id: src-canadian-encyclopedia title: "The Canadian Encyclopedia, 'Woodward and Evans Light Bulb'" url: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/woodward-and-evans-light-bulb document_class: secondary (reception record) read: recorded as read in the first session; NOT REACHABLE on 2026-10-02 (HTTP 403 to this environment), so what it says (1879 sale for $5,000; 'stronger vacuum than Swan's') could not be re-checked authenticity: {status: not_applicable, basis: "Reference work; cites popular books, no documents."}